Licensing (Permit-to-purchase)
Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, M., McCourt A., et al. (2018). Association Between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties. Journal of Urban Health, 95, 383. doi:10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research (2016). Permit to Purchase Licensing [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/publications/
Lee, L.K., Fleegler, E.W., Farrell, C., Avakame, E., Srinivasan, S., Hemenway D., Monuteaux M.C. (2017, Jan 1). Firearm Laws and Firearm Homicides: A Systematic Review. JAMA Internal Medicine, 177(1), 106-119. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7051.
Miller M., Hepburn L., Azrael D. (2017). Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey. Annals of Internal Medicine, 166, 233–239. doi: 10.7326/M16-1590
Rudolph, K.E., Stuart, A.E., Vernick ,J.S., Webster, D.W. (2015). Association Between Connecticut’s Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Law and Homicides. American Journal of Public Health, 105, e49_e54. doi: 0.2105/AJPH.2015.302703
Vittes, K.A., Vernick J.S., Webster, D.W. (2013). Legal status and source of offenders’ firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership. Injury Prevention, 19, 26-31.
Webster, D.W., et al. (2001). Relationship Between Licensing, Registration, and Other Gun Sales Laws and the Source State of Crime Guns. Injury Prevention,184, 188-89. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475
Webster, D.W., Vernick, J.S., Hepburn, L.M. (2001). Relationship between licensing, registration, and other gun sales laws and the source state of crime guns, Injury Prevention, 7, 184-189.
Registration
Currently, Hawaii is the only state that has a complete registry for all firearms. Hawaii also has one of the lowest firearm death rates in the entire country.
Hemenway, D., Rothman, E., Siegel, M., Greenberg, T., Greenberg, R., Siegel, Cronin, S., Collins, M.R., Xuan Z. (2018). State Firearm Laws and Interstate Transfer of Guns in the USA, 2006–2016, Journal of Urban Health, 95, 322. doi:10.1007/s11524-018-0251-9
Sorenson S.B., Vittes, K.A., (2003). Buying a handgun for someone else: firearm dealer willingness to sell. Injury Prevention, 9, 147-150.
Webster, D.W., Vernick, J.S., Hepburn, L.M. (2001). Relationship between licensing, registration, and other gun sales laws and the source state of crime guns, Injury Prevention, 7, 184-189.
Webster, D.W., Wintemute, G.J., (2015). Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High-Risk Individuals, Annual Review of Public Health, 36(1) 21-37.
Wintemute, G. (2002). Where the Guns Come from: The Gun Industry and Gun Commerce. The Future of Children, 12(2), 55-71. doi:10.2307/1602738
Safe Storage
Anestis, M.D., Anestis, J.C., (2015). Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns. American Journal of Public Health 105, 10, 2049–2058.
Anglemyer, A. et al. (2014). The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 160(2), 101-10.
Azrael, D., Cohen, J., Salhi, C., Miller, M. (2018). Firearm Storage in Gun-owning Households with Children: Results of a 2015 National Survey. Journal of Urban Health, 1-10.
Barry, C., Crifasi, C., Webster, D., McGinty, E., Doucette, M. (2016). Storage Practices of US Gun Owners in 2016. American Journal of Public Health, 108, 4, pp. 532-537. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304262
Brent, D.A., et al. (1993). Firearms and adolescent suicide. A community case-control study. American Journal of Disabled Children, Vol. 147(10), 1066-71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213677;
Chu, V.S. (2012). Internet Firearm and Ammunition Sales (CRS Report No. R42687). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42687.pdf
Grossman, D.C., et al. (2005 February). Gun Storage Practices and Risk of Youth Suicide and Unintentional Firearm Injuries, Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 293, 707, 711-13. http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/200330;
Johnson, R., et al. (2010 December). Who are the owners of firearms used in adolescent suicides?, Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, Vol. 40(6), 609–11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085447/.
Kellermann, A.L., et al. (1992). Suicide in the home in relation to gun ownership,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 327(7) (1992): 467-72.
Miller, M., Azrael, D., Hemenway, D., Vriniotis, M. (2005 July). Firearm storage practices and rates of unintentional firearm deaths in the United States, Accident. Analysis and Prevention, 37(4), 661-7. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2005.02.003
Miller, M., Hemenway, D. (1999). The Relationship Between Firearms and Suicide: A Review of the Literature, Aggression & Violent Behavior, 59, 62-65
Shenassa, E. et al, “Safer storage of firearms at home and risk of suicide: a study of protective factors in a nationally representative sample,” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 58(10) (2004): 841-48;
Simonetti, J.A., Mackelprang, J.L,. Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Zatzick, D., Rivara, F.P. (2015). Psychiatric Comorbidity, Suicidality, and In-Home Firearm Access Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association, Psychiatry, 72(2), 152–159. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1760
Webster, D.W., Wintemute, G.J. (2015). Effects of Policies Designed to Keep Firearms from High-Risk Individuals. Annual Review of Public Health, 36(1) 21-37.
Weiss, Brennan. (2017 November 20). Criminals steal more than 237,000 guns from legal American gun owners every year. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/criminals-steal-guns-from-legal-gun-owners-2017-11
Extreme Risk Protection Order
As of August 2019, seventeen states and the District of Columbia passed some form of Extreme Risk Protection Order law. Giffords
Kivisto, A.J., and Phalen, P.L. (2018). Effects of Risk–based Firearm Seizure Laws in Connecticut and Indiana on Suicide Rates, 1981–2015. Psychiatric Services 69(8), 855–862.
Silver, J., Simons, A., and Craun, S. (2018 June). A Study of the Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters in the United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation, June 2018, https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/pre-attack-behaviors-of-active-shooters-in-us-2000-2013.pdf/view.
Swanson, J. W., et al. (2017). Implementation and Effectiveness of Connecticut’s Risk–based Gun Removal Law: Does it Prevent Suicides. Law & Contemporary Problems, 80, 179–208.
Swanson, J.W. et al. (2019). Criminal Justice and Suicide Outcomes with Indiana’s Risk-Based Gun Seizure Law. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.
News Stories About Extreme Risk Protection Orders
Ovetta Wiggins, “Red–flag Law in Maryland Led to Gun Seizures From 148 People in the First Three Months,” The Washington Post, January 15, 2019, https://wapo.st/2KfXwwh.
Jessica Lipscomb, “Florida’s Post-Parkland ‘Red Flag’ Law Has Taken Guns From Dozens of Dangerous People,” Miami New Times, August 7, 2018, https://bit.ly/2ORW56U.
Melissa Korn, “Vermont Police Thwart Potential School Shooting,” The Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2018, https://on.wsj.com/2HRpvAZ.
Strengthen And Enforcing Existing Laws
Barry, C.L., et al.. (2013 March 21). Perspective: After Newtown—Public Opinion on Gun Policy and Mental Illness, 368 New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 1077-1081 . https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1300512.
Braga, A.A., Gagliard, P.L. (2014). Enforcing Federal Laws against Firearms Traffickers Policy and Legislative Progress. In Daniel W. Webster and Jon S. Vernick (Eds.) Updated Evidence and Policy Developments on Reducing Gun Violence in America. Center for Gun Policy and Research Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 27-28. Retrieved on June 3, 2019.
Crifasi, C., Webster, D., Wintemute, G., Vernick, J. Merrill-Francis, M. (2018). Changes in the legal environment and enforcement of firearm transfer laws in Pennsylvania and Maryland, Injury Prevention.
Kivisto, A.J., Ray, B., Phalen, P.L. (2017). Firearm Legislation and Fatal Police Shootings in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1068_1075. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303770
Miller M., Hepburn L., Azrael D. (2017). Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey. Annals of Internal Medicine,166, 233–239. doi: 10.7326/M16-1590
Olson, E.J., Hoofnagle, M., Kaufman, E., Schwab, C., Riley, P.,, Seaman, M. (2019). American Firearm Homicides: The Impact of Your Neighbors. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 86. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000002212.
Tashjian, D., Lee, J., Moriarty, K., Patterson, L. (2013 July). The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Journal of Trauma Acute Care Surgery, 75(1):50-3; discussion 53. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3182999b7a.
Vittes, K.A., Vernick, J.S., Webster, D.W. (2013). Legal status and source of offenders’ firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership, Injury Prevention, 19:26-31.
Webster, D W., Vernick, J.S., Bulzacchelli, M.T., Vittes, K.A. (2012). Temporal association between federal gun laws and the diversion of guns to criminals in Milwaukee. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 89(1), 87–97. doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9639-5.
Yablon, A. (2016 March 8). Rare Gun Store Inspection Casts Doubt on Government Tallies of Lost and Stolen Firearms. The Trace. Retrieved from https://www.thetrace.org/2016/03/missing-guns-ffl-arkansas/
Repeal Protection of Legal Commerce in Arms Act (PLCAA)
U.S. General Accounting Office, Gun Control: Implementation of the National Instant Criminal Background Check System 13 (Feb. 2000), at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/g100064.pdf.
Reduce The Lethality of Firearms
de Jager, E.,, Goralnick, E., McCarty, J.C., Hashmi, Z.G., Jarman, M.P., Haider, A.H. (2018 September 11). Lethality of Civilian Active Shooter Incidents With and Without Semiautomatic Rifles in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 320(10), 1034-1035. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.11009
Braga, A.A., Pierce, P.L., (2004 July). Linking Crime Guns: The Impact of Ballistics Imaging Technology on the Productivity of the Boston Police Department’s Ballistics Unit, Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. 49, No. 4
https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/71705/file-15747201-pdf/docs/report-braga.pdf.
Louis Klarevas, Andrew Conner, and David Hemenway, 0:The Effect of Large-Capacity Magazine Bans on High-Fatality Mass Shootings, 1990–2017American Journal of Public Health 0, e1_e8, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305311
Protect Communities
Cheng, C., Hoekstra, M. (2012 June 25). Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Evidence from Castle Doctrine, Journal of Human Resources, https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/citsafety/20120913_secondchance2.pdf
Ren, L., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, J. S. (2015). The Deterrent Effect of the Castle Doctrine Law on Burglary in Texas: A Tale of Outcomes in Houston and Dallas. Crime & Delinquency, 61(8), 1127–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128712466886
Fund and Proliferate Community-Based Solutions
Webster, D.W., Whitehill, J.M., Vernick, J.S., Curriero, F. C. (2013). Effects of Baltimore’s Safe Streets Program on gun violence: a replication of Chicago’s CeaseFire Program. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 90(1), 27–40. doi:10.1007/s11524-012-9731-5
Whitehill, J., Webster, D., Frattaroli, S., Parker, E. (2013). Interrupting Violence: How the CeaseFire Program Prevents Imminent Gun Violence through Conflict Mediation. Journal of Urban Health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 91. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-9796-9.
Police Reform
Kivisto, A.J., Ray, B., Phalen, P.L. (2017). Firearm Legislation and Fatal Police Shootings in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1068_1075. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303770
Zeoli, A.M., Webster, D.W. (2010). Effects of domestic violence policies, alcohol taxes and police staffing levels on intimate partner homicide in large US cities. Injury Prevention, 16(2), 90–95.